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During this period, tulips became the standard medium of exchange and became even more valuable than gold there. The popularity of these Tulip coupons were drawing attention around the world and other countries began to catch on to this effective way of trad- ing. Rice coupons in Japan became significant, with a bale of rice being the standard amount to be traded.

An empty rice coupon became a form of a futures contract—a coupon for rice that may not even be planted or harvested yet.

The rice is traded for a specific future date, as if it was grown and going to be delivered to that person on that future date. Today, futures trading is a multibillion dollar industry. But where do Japanese candlesticks fit in? Munehisa Homma was born into a wealthy Japanese farming family in Homma had an aptitude for business and would eventually become a dominant trader in the Japanese rice market.

Although candlesticks were not actually developed by Homma, he studied the psychology of investors and formulated several key trading principles. These concepts evolved into the candlestick charting techniques that we know today.

Candlestick charts were originally plotted painstakingly by hand. This labor-intensive step, as well as the fact that many Japanese traders could not properly communicate or share their trading methods due to language barriers, meant that the use of Japanese candlestick formations could not become widespread until recent times.

As the candlesticks form, they begin to tell a story of the activity in the market, as well as reflect the mood of the market during that time. Candlesticks become the sign language of the market, communicating via certain forma- tions the future potential moves of the market, which is how profits are made—by projecting correctly where the market will go, not where it has been.

Successful traders take the time to study and understand this visual lan- guage. Candlestick formations indicate clear buy and sell signals, commu- nicating to the trader when it is time to enter the market or to get out.

How well you understand candlestick formations can give you a significant advantage in the market. They will appear in the form of a single candlestick or a combination of more than one candlestick. There are hundreds of formations, yet only a handful of formations carry substantial weight when looking for a good entry point.

A good entry point is described as a location where the market goes your way from the beginning. Let us see what a Japanese candlestick looks like and how it forms see Figure Candlesticks, which are composed of full bodies and wicks, measure price fluctuations within a certain period of time.

As prices move up or down from the opening, the body begins to form. If, from the opening price, prices move up and then close higher than the opening, it is a bullish candle. If prices begin to fall from the opening price and close lower than the opening, it is a bearish candle.

For example, you can set your charts to provide you with 5-minute candlesticks, , , or minute candlesticks, even hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly. Candlesticks monitor price movement against time, providing traders with four key pieces of information for that specific time period: the opening price, the closing price, the highest price reached, and the lowest price reached.

Trading is a financial game involving two opponents: the bulls and bears. We all know that there are not actual bulls and bears trading in the market, but investors and traders who have invested either in a bullish direction or a bearish direction.

Both sides have clear objectives and want the market to move in their direction: bulls want the market to go up, or rally, to make higher highs, whereas the bears want to take the market down, or have it dip to make lower lows. The numbers to the far right indicate the price and the numbers at the bottom of the chart indicate the time period.

The very last candle to the right is the current candle, indicating the current price. All the previous candles, to the left of the current candle, have recorded the historic price movement during that time.

As you see in Figure , all the icons to the left, top, and right of the actual chart are your trading tools. A high can be considered a new level of resistance, or a higher price level achieved by the bulls that is interrupted and reversed by the bears. However, not all highs are major levels of resistance.

Only highs that are higher than the current market can be considered a level of resistance see Figure The levels of resistance noted in the above chart as R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 become future price targets for the bulls to chase and move higher. Once they regain control of the market, they will aim to make higher highs and higher lows.

The bears are maintaining control in the above chart, as the market is making lower lows and lower highs. A low can be considered as a new level of support, or a lower price level that was achieved by the bears and then interrupted and reversed by the bulls; however, only lows that are lower than the current market level can be considered a level of support see Figure Once they gain control of the market again, they will aim to make lower lows and lower highs.

The bulls control the above market example. Although candlesticks may look alike, the 20 formations listed in Figure will provide you with a solid understanding of candlestick formations and their meanings.

If the line occurs after a significant uptrend, it is called a hanging man. A hammer is identified by a small body a small range between the open and closing prices and a long lower shadow the low is significantly lower than the open, high, and closes. The body can be empty or filled in. The first line, on the left, is a bearish line, and the second line is a bullish line. The second line opens lower than the first line's low but closes more than halfway above the first line's real body.

This pattern is strongly bullish if it occurs after a significant downtrend it acts as a reversal pattern. It occurs when a small bearish line is engulfed by a large bullish line. This is a bullish pattern signifying a potential bottom. The star, at the bottom between the two lines, indicates a possible reversal; the bullish line confirms this. The star can be empty or filled in. Thus, this pattern usually indicates a reversal after an indecisive period. You should wait for a confirmation, as in the morning star in the previous pattern, before trading a Doji star.

The first line can be empty or filled in. They are identified by small real bodies a small range between open and closing prices and a long lower shadow, that is, the low was significantly lower than the open, high, and close.

The bodies can be empty or filled in. This is a bearish pattern that is more significant if the second line's body is below the center of the previous line's body as illustrated. This line is strong and bearish if it occurs after a significant uptrend—it acts as a reversal pattern. It occurs when a small bullish line is engulfed by a large bearish line. This is a bearish pattern signifying a potential top.

The star indicates a possible reversal, and the bearish line confirms it. The star can be empty or filled in or it can be a Doji star. A star indicates a reversal and a Doji indicates indecision. You should wait for a confirmation, such as an evening star illustration, before trading a Doji star. This pattern suggests a minor reversal when it appears after a rally. The star's body must appear near the low price, and the line should have a long upper shadow.

This line often signifies a turning point. It occurs when the open and close are the same, and the range between the high and the low is relatively large. This line also signifies a turning point. This pattern occurs when the open and the close are the same and the low is significantly lower than the open, high, and closing prices. This line signifies another turning point. It occurs when the open, close, and low are the same, and the high is significantly higher than the open, low, and closing prices.

Stars indicate reversals. A star is a line with a small real body that occurs after a line with a much larger real body, where the real bodies do not overlap, although the shadows may. These are neutral lines. They occur when the distance between the high and the low, and the distance between the open and the close, are relatively small. This line implies indecision because the security opened and closed at the same price.

These lines can appear in several different patterns. This implies a forceful move will follow a breakout from the current indecision. It occurs when a line with a small body falls within the area of a larger body.

In this example, a bullish line with a long body is followed by a weak bearish line and implies a decrease in the bullish momentum. When it moves, the candlesticks provide a visual sign that monitors the strength or weakness of the market in a certain direction. However, there are two basic types of candlesticks: 1.

Decision candlesticks 2. Indecision candlesticks Decision candlesticks are full-bodied bullish or bearish candles with rela- tively small wicks on either side. They communicate to the trader that either the bulls or the bears are in control. The indecision candlestick formation is exactly the opposite, with small bodies and, in some cases, no bodies at all—just a line where the open and the close were at the same price with large wicks on either side or on both sides see Figure As the market moves, it creates visual waves, and the candlesticks form different patterns.

Movements are caused by investors entering and exiting the market. When there are more buyers than sellers, the market begins to rally; when there are more sellers than buyers, the market begins to dip, or decline; and when there are equal numbers of buyers and sellers, the market goes sideways.

These patterns communicate the strength or weakness of the continued move. As the market moves, it waves, and the can- dlesticks form bullish and bearish reversal patterns. These patterns are the sign language of the market and the buy and sell signals for the traders.

The patterns communicate when it is time to get in and when it is time to get out. These patterns can become invaluable whenever they appear at the end of a downtrend in a smaller time frame, which many times is nothing more than the end of a retracement in a larger time frame.

It is imperative to note that as the market moves sideways in a to pip trading range, the market may form all kinds of bullish and bearish candle- stick patterns, which should be ignored. It is imperative not to trade these candlestick formations in small consolidated or sideways movement. The charts being used in this book have black and white candles— the black candles are bearish and the white are bullish. What is important to note is that in the formation of morning stars, they start out with a bearish decision candle, followed by one, two, three, or even four indecision candles before the decision bullish candle appears.

In Figure B, a morning star appears at the bottom of the chart, signifying the end of the recent dip. A morning star forms when you have a large bear- ish decision candle followed by one or more indecision candles, which are followed by a bullish decision candle that closes beyond the 60 percent mark, or beyond the top half of the beginning bearish decision candle.

It indicates the market is U-turning. Investor Psychology Behind the Morning Star The bears are losing control and investors are no longer selling when you spot a morning star. More buyers have come into the market, which creates an equal number of buyers and sellers. In the end, more buyers step in and take control of the market. Bears are placed in hibernation, and bulls come out of their corrals in herds. The final bullish candle of the formation sends ripples of greed throughout the trading community and a major rally takes place, especially when accompanied by significant trading volume.

It can also be the turning point or the end of the retrace- ment in an uptrend see Figure A. An ideal bullish engulfing candle is formed when the candle opens lower than the close of the previous bearish decision candle, engulfing the previous two or three bearish candles.

This is a strong sign of a U-turn. The bulls are clearly taking control, as seen in Figure B. Traders with short positions make a quick dash to cover their exposure, and their rush to exit their positions adds power to the creation of the pattern.

The volume on the uptake component shows that the majority of traders have changed camp from bearish to bullish within the duration of one period. Buyers step in and create an environment of equal buyers and equal sellers, which forms two or more indecision candles.

Figure A shows the formations. When the market has been falling and a clear decision has been made by the bulls to take over, tweezer bottoms are formed. The market contin- ues to move down, and bearish candles are formed. All of a sudden, an indecision candle appears, which means more bulls have started buying. We now have equal buyers and sellers. When bears attempt to take prices lower and bulls step in and buy more than bears, a long wick on the south side of a small-bodied candle forms.

A second attempt is made by the bears to take prices lower, with the same results, leaving another inde- cision candle with a long wick on the south side of the small body of the indecision candle, next to the last one. The lows of the two candles, as dis- played by the wicks, are usually at the same price or within a couple of pips difference, which now creates a new level of support. Anyone wanting to make a profit in this next rally needs to start buying right now!

Because higher prices are likely to follow the formation of tweezer bottoms, as you see in Figure B. Invester Psychology Behind the Tweezer Bottoms The bears have created lower prices, which have been tested, and new buy- ers have entered the market. As traders note more bullish participation, a rally is implied. The bears were unable to acquire the interest of more sell- ers and were not strong enough to hold prices down. Several attempts for lower prices failed, as evidenced by the long wicks on the south side of the small-bodied candles.

The tweezer bottoms are a sign of selling exhaustion. It is important to note that the tweezer bottoms do not need to be side- by-side; they can be several candles apart, as long as the lows of the wicks are close to each other, with only a difference of a few pips. Such a forma- tion will create a level of support.

These patterns can become invaluable whenever they appear at the end of an uptrend in a smaller time frame, which many times is nothing more than the end of a retracement in a larger time frame. It is imperative that you remember not to trade these candlesticks formations in small consolidated or sideways movement. What is important to note is that it starts out with a bullish decision candle, followed by perhaps one, two, three, even four indecision candles before the decision bearish candle appears.

In Figure B, an evening star appears at the top of the chart, signify- ing the end of the recent rally. An evening star forms when you have a large bullish decision candle, followed by one or more indecision candles, which are followed by a bearish decision candle that closes beyond the 60 percent mark, or beyond the bottom half of the beginning bullish decision candle. It signifies the market is U-turning. If the last bearish candle closes above the halfway point of the first bullish candle of the formation, it is a sign of continued bullish sentiment.

Investor Psychology Behind the Evening Star In Figure B, the bulls start out rallying like a rocket going to the moon, driving prices higher. Initially, it seems nothing can stop them. These initial candles reinforce the bullish sentiment. All of a sudden, a spinning top appears—a sign of indecision—in the form of a small indecision candle. It is quickly followed by a bearish decision candle and the session quickly U-turns. The bulls lose control and investors are no longer buying.

More sellers come into the market, which creates the dip in prices. Bulls run for cover and begin liquidating their bullish positions, which adds to the bearish momentum.

In the end, more sellers step in and take control of the market. Bulls are corralled and bears come out of hibernation. The final bearish candle of the formation sends ripples of fear throughout the trading community and a major sell-off takes place, especially when accompanied by significant trading volume. It can also be the turning point or end of the retracement in a downtrend, as seen in Figure B.

The opening price of the bearish engulfing candle must be higher than the close of the previous bullish candle and the closing price of the bearish engulfing candle must be lower than the open of the previous bullish candle. The prototypical bearish engulf- ing candle occurs when the open of the bearish engulfing candle opens higher than the close of the previous bullish decision candles and engulfs several previous bullish candles.

This is a strong sign of a U-turn when the bears are taking control. Investor Psychology Behind the Bearish Engulfing Pattern On an emotional level, a devastating blow has been swiftly delivered to the bulls when an engulfing bearish candle appears.

Those feeling optimistic and buoyant about the upward market direction have been proverbially kicked in the teeth. Traders with long positions make a quick dash to cover their exposure, and their rush to exit their positions adds power to the creation of the bearish engulfing pattern. Within the duration of one period, the majority of traders have changed camp from a bullish perspective to a bearish orientation.

Sellers step in and balance out the numbers of buyers, which forms two or more indecision candles see Figure A. In Figure B, the market has been rallying, but a clear decision has been made by the bears to take over, observed via the formation of tweezer tops.

As the market was moving up, bullish candles were forming. Then all of a sudden, an indecision candle appears, which means more bears have stepped in selling. There are now equal buyers and sellers. A tweezer top formation starts out with a bullish decision candle, followed by perhaps one, two, three, or even four indecision candles, as seen in Figure A. A tweezer top appears when the bulls attempt to take prices higher and bears step in and sell more than the bulls, creating a long wick on the north side of a small-bodied candle.

A second attempt is made by the bulls to take prices higher, with the same results, leaving another indecision candle with a long wick, on the north side of the small body of the indecision candle next to the last one. The highs of the two candles, as displayed by the wicks, are usually at the same price or within a couple of pips difference, which now creates a new level of resistance.

Anyone wanting to make a profit in this next dip needs to start selling right now! Because lower prices are likely to follow the formation of this pattern, as shown in Figure B. Indecision candles have formed next to each other and, in this case, three in a row, as seen in Figure B. With such resistance, the market collapses. With increased bearish participation, bears enter the market charging, and the result will be a dip.

Shortly after the dip, the bulls try one last time to see if they can attract any more buying interest. It is important to note that the failed attempt of the bulls to create higher prices formed the tweezer tops, although they do not need to be side by side. Your common sense is an excellent guide as well.

For example, your common sense should tell you that in a downtrend, only trade bearish candlestick formations, not bullish. Because you are trading in the direction of the trend where the market strength is. You have a greater probability of the market moving in your direction after entry versus fighting against the trend.

Obviously, you would do the oppo- site in an uptrend. When you trade in the direction of the trend, you will always have the market movement on your side, pushing the market in the direction of the current trend. In trading any candlestick formation, you must wait until the last candle closes before you enter the market because the market may not necessarily react immediately after the candlestick formation has formed.

Keep in mind that as long as you have your stop-loss orders in place, you are protected. The market will move on its own timetable—not yours. You have no control of the future movement of the market.

No one knows where the next pip will go. As long as the candles are above the outer moving uptrend line, you should enter buying bullish candlestick formations and exit selling bearish candlestick formations; the opposite applies in a downtrend. When the candles are below the outer moving trend line, enter selling bearish candle- stick formations and exit buying bullish candlestick formations, as shown in Figure Trading is a game of probabilities and to put the probability of success in your favor, it is always helpful to compile more than one piece of evi- dence that the market will potentially U-turn and move in your direction at the price level you enter.

In other words, success is increased if you have more than one educated reason to enter the market. When you have more than one good reason to enter a trade, that is what is called creating a con- vergence. This is, in essence, nothing more than building a case as to why the market is going to turn at that location. Why is it that all of a sudden, at one number, the market creates a candlestick formation and changes direction or U-turns?

It is almost as if there was a conspiracy taking place among a group of traders. We all know that is impossible, because there is no Forex building or pit filled with Forex traders who could manipulate prices.

My sense is that nature must stay in balance, and nature takes whatever course it must to remain in bal- ance. As human beings, we are part of nature and because we are the ones trading in the market, it is our buying and selling that make the movement in this market. The market is part of nature and will take whatever course it must to remain in balance, as you will see in Chapter 9. Nature can provide signs on our path to success of which I know most people never think about it.

However, those individuals who try to understand it and tap into the potential it holds are the people who will benefit most and live fulfilling and wonderful lives. I thought about all the trading opportunities I had missed over the years, due to the fact that I was not educated or ready to read the signs of success the market provided, like the evening stars and morning stars.

If learning to become a successful trader is something you really want to achieve, you will need to prepare yourself to read the signs of the market. It is there you will find success. It is a game played on a daily basis by two teams, or two types of investors on opposite sides of a trade. The bulls want the market to go up. The bears want the market to go down. The two sides are in constant, unrelenting bat- tle, fighting for control of the trading territory.

Some make millions while others keep hoping the market will turn in their favor as they continue to root for their team—the bulls or the bears. It sounds crazy when you hear that a trillion-dollar financial market works this way, but it does. Like any game in our lives, there are objectives, rules, and penalties. Each side is trying to get ahead by scoring points, following the rules of the game. You must obey the rules if you are planning to succeed in trading.

If you break them, you are more than penalized— you fail. It is a fascinating book that relates how, at one point, the president of the bank had not placed the proper controls over what his Forex traders were doing and describes the calamity that resulted.

Because of the lack of rules or oversight, a rogue group of Forex traders began to take huge financial positions in various currencies. In time, they started adding to their losing positions in hopes that they could cost average down which is the term used in a trading strategy where additional positions are taken in the same direction at lower prices from the original entry, in an attempt to average out your buying price.

Like any group of kids that find themselves in major trouble, the traders agreed to hide their misdeeds. However, as is usually the case with wrong- doing, one eventually will become so guilt ridden that the individual has to spill the beans, and this situation is no different. At the beginning of the investigation, it was determined that no real crime was committed by the traders—they were just irresponsible. The shareholders of the bank immediately demanded that the bank president be fired because of his lack of control over the bank.

As the investigation continued, many believed the only real crime committed was that of ASIC, which demanded the bank liquidate its positions. This was clearly unfortunate for the bank, because soon after all positions were liqui- dated and losses realized, all the currencies took off in the opposite direc- tion. If the four rogue traders had maintained their silence and just held onto those positions for one more month, they would have recovered from all their unrealized losses and probably would have made millions for the bank.

This would have turned the bank president into a hero instead of a fired zero! The reality of the market and the amazing part of this story is that rule breakers are just as necessary as rule makers, and in the end the disciplined trader who abides by the rules makes a profit. Pension plans? Brokerage firms? Investment firms? Financial institutions? Individuals trade in the financials markets—human beings with human thoughts, human feelings, human emotions, and human fears.

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